Central Asia in Transition No61

1. See: Rotar', I., "Neokommunizm ili Islam," Nezavisimaya Gazeta (24.09.1991); Zhanguzhin, R., "Kakoi chast'yu sveta budet Turan," Komsomol'skaya Pravda (14.08.1992); Aksay, H., "Turkey: a Growing example," Moscow News, No. 22 (1992) and others.
2. See a collection of articles on the Eurasian idea in Russia: Rossiya mezhdu Evropoi i Aziei: Evrasiiskii soblazn. Antologiya (Moscow: Nauka, 1993).
3. Berdyaev, Nikolai, Istoki Russkogo Kommunizma (Moscow, 1992).
4. See works by Chingiz Aitmatov of Kyrgyzstan, Olzhas Suleimenov of Kazakhstan and others. The question was clearly raised in: Suleimenov, O., Az i Ya (Almaty, 1989).
5. See assessments: Stankevich, Sergei, "Derzhava v poiskakh sebya," Nezavisimaya Gazeta (28 March 1992); Solzhenitsin, Aleksandr, "Kak nam obustroit' Rossiyu," Komsomol'skaya Pravda (1990).
6. Rahr, Alexander, "ФAtlantists' Versus ФEurasians' in Russian Foreign Policy," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 1, No. 22 (29 May 1992), pp. 17-22.
7. Amrekulov, N., "Vzglyad iz Tsentral'noi Azii: Kazakhstan - Tyurkskii evraziiskii most," MEIMO, No. 11 (1993), pp. 61-65.
8. Brown, Bess, "Central Asia and the East Asian Model," Report on the USSR, Vol. 3, No. 6 (8 February 1991), pp. 18-19.
9. Nazarbaev, N.A., "Strategiya stanovleniya i razvitiya Kazakhstana kak suverennogo gosudarstva," Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (16 May 1992), pp. 8-9.
10. See: The Economist (29 October 1994), pp. 38-40; Los Angeles Times (07 September 1997) and others.
11. Karimov, I.A., Uzbekistan С svoi put' obnovleniya i progressa (Tashkent: Uzbekiston, 1992).
12. Izvestiya (13 September 1991).
13. Cavanaugh, Cassandra, "Uzbekistan Looks South and East for Role Model," RFE/RL Research report, Vo. 1, No. 40 (09 October 1992), pp. 12-13.
14. See some discussion about the proximity of the so-called Turkish model and some other models in Central Asia in: Lipovsky, I., "Central Asia: In Search of a New Political Identity," The Middle East Journal, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 211-221.
15. Interview of Karimov to The Guardian. Cited in: Cavanaugh, "Uzbekistan Looks South and East for Role Model," p. 13.
16. It is interesting to observe that even high ranked Russia's politicians from time to time referred to "economic model" for development of the Russian Federation: See: "Nemtsov Suppots Chilean Economic Model," RFE/RL Newsline, No. 179, Part 1 (15 December 1997).
17. From an economic point of view it is part of ongoing discussions among international experts about possibility of replication of the so-called "East Asian economic miracle" (for example, flying guise paradigm) and a role of a state in economic success of newly industrialised countries. See for some ongoing debates special section: "The World Bank's The East Asian Economic Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy," ed. by Alice H. Amsden, World Development, Vol. 22, No. 4 (April 1994), pp. 615-670.
18. See for example: Economic Reforms in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan: Lessons from the East Asian Development Experience, ed. by Osamu Yasuda and Yasutami Shimomura, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 (Tokyo: The Sasakawa Peace Foundation, 1997).
19. Karimov, I., Na puti uglubleniya ekonomicheskikh reform (Along the Road of Deepening Economic Reforms)(Tashkent: Uzbekiston, 1995), pp. 10-11. Some of those principles were first introduced by President Karimov in: Uzbekistan: svoi put' obnovleniya i progress (Uzbekistan: Its Own Way of Rennovation and Progress)(Tashkent: Uzbekiston, 1992).
20. In 1997, a group of high ranked Kazakhstan's administrators and experts spent several months in Malaysia studying the so-called "Malaysian economic miracle" and trying to re-approach the "Malaysian model" in Kazakhstan. Finally, in October 1997 it came out as Kazakhstan's long term strategic vision "Kazakhstan: 2030: Prosperity, Security and Welfare improvements for all Kazakhstanese." See: Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (10 October 1997).
21. Cited in: Kulagina, S., "Kazakhstan to Become the First Central Asian Leopard?" The Central Asian Post (30 October 1997), p. 2.
22. Akaev Askar, Interview. Nezavisimaya Gazeta (21 April 1998).
23. Akaev, A., "Kyrgyzstan v Tsentral'noi Azii i SNG: Problemy i Perspektivy," in: God Planety, Vyp. 1994 (Moscow: Respublika, 1994), pp. 29-30.
24. The population of the study covered 1669 staff members of different organisations and institutions whose work was related to the field of international relations. They were from three Central Asian newly independent countries: the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and the Republic of Uzbekistan.
    The stratified-random proportional sampling technique was used to generate random samples. A sample size of 19 percent was selected with the help of a computer programme capable of generating random samples. This percentage was taken from the Table for Determining Sample Size from a Given Population designed by Krejcie and Morgan. The organisations participated in the study were strata of the sample. In total 317 individuals were selected randomly for the study.
    The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions and was translated into Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uzbek languages.
    A total of 223 questionnaires (70.35%) were received back as at 12 February 1997 and 28 were received through the mail later. All together 251 (79.2%) questionnaires were analysed of which 239 (75.4%) were considered valid for analysis.
    The collected data was analysed by using SPSS for Windows for descriptive statistics as frequencies, means, and cross tabulations.
25. Karimov, I.A., ibid.
26. See arguments: Abazov, R., "Geopoliticheskaya i Geoekonomicheskaya Transformatsiya Tsentral'noi Azii i Evropy," Sayasat/Politika (Kazakhstan), No. 7 (1995), pp. 68-83.
27. Karimov, I., "Uzbekistan is not an Iceberg to Float Adrift," Central Asian Post, No. 43 (27 November 1997), p. 4.