"Economic Development and the Environment"
on the Sakhalin Offshore Oil and Gas Fields II

Copyright (C) 1999 by Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University.
All rights reserved

Oil and Gas Development on the Sakhalin Island Shelf: An Assessment of Changes in the Okhotsk Sea Ecosystem

Alexander Leonov

References
  1. Patin S.A. Ecological Problems of Oil and Gas Resource Developments on Marine Shelf. Moscow: VNIRO, 1997. 350 p. (In Russian).
  2. Geology and Exploitation of Oil- and Gas Fields of Sakhalin. Moscow: Scientific World 1997, 198 p. (In Russian).
  3. Malovitskii Ia.P., Martirosian V.N., Golovchak V.V. et.al. Oil- and Gas Bearing Potential of Sedimentary Basins of Russian Marine Periphery. J. of Oil Economy. 1994, No. 4, pp. 27-32. (In Russian).
  4. Technological Economic Calculations on the Project "Sakhalin-1". Vol. �U. Tentative Estimation of the Impact on the Environment and Proposals on Its Protection. Exxon. Sodeco. 1994. 180 p. (In Russian).
  5. Suleimanov A.B., Kuliev R.P., Sarkisov E.I., Karapetov K.A. Exploitation of Marine Oil- and Gas Deposits. Moscow: Nedra, 1986, 285 p. (In Russian).
  6. Mazur I.I. Ecology of Oil- and Gas Complex. Moscow: Publ. Co. Nedra, 1993. 494 p. (In Russian).
  7. Panov G.E., Petriashin L.F., Lysianii G.N. Protection of Environment at Enterprises of Oil and Gas Industry. A industry and environment. Scientific Report. Moscow: GKNT. 1988. 77 p. (In Russian).
  8. Grogan W.C., Blanchard J.R. Environmental Assessment. North Sea Oil and the Development: Developing Oil and Gas Resources, Environmental Impacts and Responses. London-New York: Elsevier Applied Sciences. 1992, pp. 363-402.
  9. GESAMP. Impact of Oil and Related Chemicals and Wastes on the Marine Environment. GESAMP Reports and Studies. London: IMO, 1993, No. 50, 180 p.
  10. Chenard P.G., Engelhardt F.R., Blane J., Hardie D. Patterns of Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Utilization and Disposal of Associated Wastes on the Canadian Offshore Frontier Lands. Drilling Wastes. London: Elsevier Applied Sciences, 1989, pp. 119-136.
  11. Neff J.M., Rabalais N.N., Boesch B.F. Offshore Oil and Gas Development Activities Potentially Causing Long-Term Environmental Effects. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Off-shore Oil and Gas Development. London-New York: Elsevier Applied Science. 1987, pp. 149-173.
  12. Menzie C.A. The Environmental Implications of Offshore Oil and Gas Activities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982. No. 16. pp. 454-472.
  13. ICES. Report of the ICES Advisory Committee in the Marine Environment. Copenhagen: ICES, 1995, 135 p.
  14. State of Environment and Nature Protect Activity on a Territory of the Former USSR. Handbook. Moscow: VNII of a Nature, Ministry of Nature of Russian Federation, 1994. 111 p. (In Russian).
  15. Somerville H.J., Shirley D. Managing Chronic Environmental Risks. North Sea Oil and the Environment: Developing Oil and Gas Resources, Environmental Impacts and Responses. London-New York: Elsevier Applied Science. 1992, pp. 643-664.
  16. Lindberg E.G.B., Roekke N.E., Celius H.K. Greenhouse Gas Emission from Offshore Oil and Gas Production on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Inst. For Kontinenalsokkelundersoe-ekelser og Petroleumsteknol. A/S. Trondheim (Norway), 1990, 45 p.
  17. Kuznetsov B., Samarskaia T. Feature of Environment Protection at the Deposit Development on the Shelf of the Barents Sea. J. Neftianik. 1993, No. 7, pp. 17-20. (In Russian).
  18. Davies J.M., Kingston P.P. Sources of Environmental Disturbance Associated with Offshore Oil and Gas Developments. North Sea Oil and the Environment: Developing Oil and Gas Resources, Environmental Impacts and Responses. London-New York: Elsevier Applied Science. 1992, pp. 417-440.
  19. Iablokov A. Accident near Usinsk. J. Ecological ����������. 1995, No. 1, pp. 8-9. (In Russian).
  20. Mikhailova L.V. Chemical Pollution - One of the Most Important Problems of the Ob'-Irtysh Region. Ways and Means in the Achievement of Balanced Economic Development in Petroleum Regions of the Western Siberia. Nizhnevartovsk. J. of Ural Rabochii. 1995. pp. 43-46. (In Russian).
  21. Couillard D. Water Supply Problems in the Construction and Operation of an Oil Pipe-line. A Case Study of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands. Water Supply Management. 1980, Vol. 4, No. 5/6, pp. 397-407.
  22. Ray J.P. The Role of Environmental Science in the Utilization of Coastal and Offshore Waters for Petroleum Development by the US Industry. Proc. of the Internat. Symp. on Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity. Rio Grande, Brasil, 1985, pp. 127-149.
  23. Monk D.C., Cormack D. The Management of Acute Risks. North Sea Oil and the Environment: Developing Oil and Gas Resources, Environmental Impacts and Responses. London-New York: Elsevier Applied Science. 1992, pp. 619-642.
  24. Scientific Report. Generalization and Analysis of Accidental Events on Shelf Area and Actions for Decreasing of Similar Accidents. Moscow: VNIPIMORNEFTEGAS, 1990, 159 p. (In Russian).
  25. Zalogin B.S., Kuz'minskaia K.S. Tendencies in Changes of a Nature of the World Ocean under the Influence of Anthropogenic Activity. In Life of the Earth: Nature and Society. Moscow. 1993, pp. 66-72. (In Russian).
  26. Moore B., Hamilton T. Shallow Gas Hazard - the HSE Perspective. Petroleum Review. 1993, Vol. 47, No. 560, pp. 403-407.
  27. IMO. Petroleum in the Marine Environment. Document MEPC 30. Inf. 13. Submitted by the United States. London: IMO. 1990.
  28. Nelson-Smith j. The Effect of Oil Spills on Land and Water. Proc. Symp. Prevention of Oil Pollution, 1978, London. London: 1979. pp. 17-34.
  29. Voloshin V.I. Pollution of Marine Environment by Ships. Leningrad: Publ. Co. Hydrometeoizdat. 1989, 272 p. (In Russian).
  30. IMO. Analysis of Serious Casualties to Sea-Going Tankers 1974-1988. IMO Publ., 142 / 89. London: IMO, 1989, 21 p.
  31. Borisov V.M., Ponomarenko V.P., Osetrova N.V., Semenov V.N. Influence of Development of the Oil- and Gas Marine Deposits on Bioresources of the Barents Sea. Scientific Report. Moscow: VNIRO. 1994, 250 p. (In Russian).
  32. Anonymous. Exxon under Attack Again. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 1994, Vol. 28, No. 5, p. 272.
  33. Levy E.M. Oil Pollution in the World Oceans. Ambio. 1984, Vol. 13, pp. 226-235.
  34. Monina Iu.I. Geography of Petroleum Pollution of the Ocean. J. Priroda. 1991, No. 8. pp. 70-74. (In Russian).
  35. Izrael' Ju.A., Tsyban' A.V. Anthropogenic Ecology of the Ocean. Leningrad: Publ. Co. Hydrometeoizdat. 1988, 528 p. (In Russian).
  36. Nemirovskaia I.A. Hydrocarbons of Water, Particulates and Sediments of the Sea of Okhotsk (Distribution, Forms of Migration, Genesis). In Complex Ecological Studies of the Okhotsk Sea Ecosystem. Moscow: VNIRO, 1997, pp. 172-179. (In Russian).
  37. Tkalin A.V. Background Pollution Characteristics of the NE Sakhalin Island Shelf. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1993, Vol. 26, No. 12, pp. 704-705.
  38. Mikhailova L.V. Action of Water-Based Fraction of the Ust'-Balyk Oil on the Early Ontogenesis of a Sterlet Asipenser ruthenus. Hydrobiological J. 1991, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 77-87. (In Russian).
  39. Mironov O.G. Biological Resources of the Sea and Petroleum Pollution. Moscow: Publ. Co. Pishepromizdat. 1972, 105 p. (In Russian).
  40. Mironov O.G. Interactions of Marine Organisms with Oil Hydrocarbons. Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat, 1985, 128 p. (In Russian).
  41. Patin S.A. Influence of Pollution on the Biological Resources and Productivity of the World Ocean. Moscow: Publ. Co. Pishepromizdat. 1979, 305 p. (In Russian).
  42. Platpira V.P. Microflora and Transformations of Oil Hydrocarbons in Marine Environment. Riga: Zinatne, 1985, 162 p. (In Russian).
  43. Stegeman J.J., Moore M.N., Hahn M.E. (eds.). Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants. Part 2. Proc. of Internat. Symp. on Responses of Marine Organisms to Pollutants. Wodds Hole, 24 Apr. 1992. Mar. Environ. Res., 1993, Vol. 35, No. 1-2, 242 p.
  44. Wilson K.W. The Toxicity of Oil-Spill Dispersants to the Embryos and Larvae of Some Marine Fish. In FAO Technical Conference on Marine Pollution and Its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing. Italy. Rome, Dec. 9-18, 1970, pp. 1-7.
  45. GESAMP. Impact of Oil on the Marine Environment. GESAMP Reports and Studies. Rome: FAO. 1977, No. 6, 250 p.
  46. GESAMP. Long-Term Consequences of Low-Level Marine Contamination. An Analytic Approach. GESAMP Reports and Studies. Rome: FAO. 1989, No. 40, 17 p.
  47. Howarth R.W. Assessing the Ecological Effects of Oil Pollution from Outer Continental Shelf Oil Development. Fisheries and Oil Development on the Continental Shelf. Amer. Fish. Soc. Symp. Bethesda. Maryland. 1991, pp. 1-8.
  48. Hyland J.L., Schneider E.D. Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Their Effects on Marine Organisms, Populations, Communities and Ecosystems. Narragansett: EPA, 1978, 41 p.
  49. Simonov A.I., Zubakina A.N. Scientific Bases of Pollution Problem of Marine Water. In Chemical Pollution of Marine Environment. Leningrad: Publ. Co. Hydrometeoizdat. 1979, pp. 9-24. (In Russian).
  50. Lee R.F. Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Animals. In Oceans-77. Conference Record. 1977, Vol. 2. Los-Angeles, Oct. 17-19, 1977, pp. 40 C - 1-40 C-4.
  51. Kovaleva G.I., Mazmanidi N.D. Influence of Oil on Fish. Hydrobiological J. 1978, No. 5, pp. 67-73. (In Russian).
  52. Nesterova M.P., Nemirovskaia I.A., Gurvich L.M. Oil Pollution of the Baltic Sea, Monitoring, Control Methods. Moscow: Publ. Co. Hydrometeoizdat. 1986, pp. 35-39. (In Russian).
  53. Dronov V.N. About Mechanisms of Oil Penetration into Depth of Marine Water. In Probability Analysis and Modeling of Oceanic Processes. Leningrad: Publ.Co. Hydrometeoizdat, 1984, pp. 151-159. (In Russian).
  54. Atlas R.M. Bacteria and Bioremidiation of Marine Oil Spill. Oceanus, 1993, Vol. 36, No. 2, p. 71.
  55. Atlas R.M., Bartha R. Degradation and Mineralization of Petroleum in Sea Water: Limitation by Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1972, Vol. XIV, No. 3, pp. 309-318.
  56. Baker J.M., Clark R.B., Kingston P.F., Jenkins R.H. Natural Recovery of Cold Water Marine Environments After an Oil Spill. Presented on the 13-th Annual Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar. 1990, 111 p.
  57. Bakke T., Laake M. Test on Degradation of a New Drill Mud Type under Natural Conditions. Final Report. Norsk Inst. For Vannforskning. Oslo (Norway). 1991, 48 p.
  58. Benzhitskii A.G. Petroleum Contaminants in Hyponeistale of the Seas and Oceans. Kiev: Publ. Co. Naukova Dumka. 1980, 120 p. (In Russian).
  59. Bogdashkina V.I., Petrosian V.S. Ecological Aspects of Water Environment Pollution by Oil Hydrocarbons, Pesticides and Phenols. Ecological Chemistry of Water Environment. Moscow: Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences of USSR, 1988, pp. 62-72. (In Russian).
  60. Floodgate G.D. Biological Degradation of Hydrocarbons in Sea Water. In Microbiology of Polluted Water. Moscow: Medicine, 1976, pp. 135-150. (In Russian).
  61. Grahl-Nielsen O. Hydrocarbons and Phenols in Discharge Water from Off-shore Operation. Fate of the Hydrocarbons in the Recipient. Sarsia. 1987, Vol. 72, No. 3-4, pp. 375-382.
  62. Mironov O.G. Stability and Drift of Oil Films in the Sea at Small Volumes of Oil Spill. In Complex Study of Pollution of the World Ocean in Connection with Development of Its Mineral Resources. Leningrad, 1989, pp. 84-89. (In Russian).
  63. Miura Y. Mechanisms of Liquid Hydrocarbon Uptake by Microorganisms and Growth Kinetics. In Advances in Biochemical Engineering. Eds. Ghose T.K., Fiechter A., Blakebrough H., Berlin-New York: Springer Verlag, 1978, Vol. 9, pp. 31-56.
  64. Ramade F. Elements D'ecologie Appliquee. McGrow Hill Publ., 1978, 497 p.
  65. Tinsli I. Behavior of Chemical Pollutants in Environment. (Moscow: Publ. Co. Mir, 1982. 280 p. (In Russian).
  66. Wang Z., Fingas M. Study of the Effects of Weathering on the Chemical Composition of a Light Crude Oil. 17 Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar. Vol. 1. Ottawa: Environment Canada. 1994, pp. 133-171.
  67. Matishov G.G., Pavlova L.G., Il'in G.V., et.al. Chemical Processes in Ecosystems of Northern Seas (Hydrochemistry, Geochemistry, Oil Contami-nation). Russian Academy of Sciences. Cola Science Centre. Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. 1997. Apatity. 404 p. (In Russian).
  68. Ramsay C.G., Grant S. Hazard and Risk. North Sea Oil and the Environ-ment: Developing Oil and Gas Resources, Environmental Impacts and Responces. London-New York: Elsevier Applied Science. 1992, pp. 559-584.
  69. Kauss P., Hutchinson T.C., Soto C., Hellebust J. The Toxicity of Crude Oil and Its Components to Freshwater Algae. Proc. Joint Conf. On Prevention and Control of Oil Spills. Wash., D.C., 1973, Wash. D.C.Sa., pp. 703-714.
  70. Kuiper J., DeWilde P., Wolff W. Effects of an Oil Spill in Outdoor Model Tidal Flat Ecosystems. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1984, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 102-106.
  71. Lacaze J.C. Ecotoxicology of Crude Oil and the Use of Experimental Marine Ecosystems. Mar. Bull. 1974, Vol. 5, No. 10, pp. 153-156.
  72. Lau Y.L., Moir J. Booms Used for Oil Slick Control. J. of the Environmental Eng. Div. 1979, Vol. 105, No. EE2, pp. 369-382.
  73. Oudot J., Dutrieux E. Hydrocarbon Weathering and Biodegradation in a Tropical Estuarine Ecosystem. Marine Environmental Research. 1989, Vol. 27, No. 3-4, pp. 195-213.
  74. Nemirovskaia I.A., Gurvich L.M. Transformation of Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment. Proc.of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998. Vol. 2, pp. 923-936.
  75. Fingas M.F., Brown C.E. Review of the Visibility of Oil Slickes and Oil Discharges on Water. Proc.of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998, Vol. 2, pp. 819-840.
  76. Garrett R.M., Pickering I.J., Haith C.E., Prince R.C. Photooxidation of Polyciclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil. Proc.of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998, Vol. 2, pp. 99-114.
  77. Josef J.N., Perigo E., Bergueiro J.R., et. al. Enhanced Biodegradation of Pina Cuban Crude Oil by a Culture of s Mixed Marine Bacteria. Proc. of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998, Vol. 2, pp. 745-754.
  78. Fingas M.F., Fieldhouse B., Mullin J. Studies of Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Stability and Oil Properties. Proc. of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998, Vol. 2, pp. 1-25.
  79. Bergueiro J.R., Dominguez F., Guzma E., et.al. FINASOL OSR50 Biodegradation by the Biological Activators BIOLEN IG 30 and BIOLEN IC 10. Proc. of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998, Vol. 2, pp. 729-743.
  80. Mayol M.A., Pita A., Bergueiro J.R., et.al. Biodispersant Production by Sea Bacteria and its Application to Oil Spills at Sea. Proc.of the 21 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar. June 10-12, 1998. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 1998. Vol. 1, pp. 305-318.
  81. Cole C.R., Foote H.P., Eliason J.R. Oil Spill Drift Forecasting Model. AIChE, Symp. Ser., 1974, Vol. 70, No. 144, pp. 261-269.
  82. Duke T.W. Potential Impact of Drilling Fluids on Estuarine Productivity. Proc. of the Internat. Symp. On Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity. Rio Grande, Brasil, 1985, pp. 235-240.
  83. Shukla D.K., Stark R.M. Random Movement of Oil Patches. The Science of the Total Environment. 1974, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 117-125.
  84. Venkatesh S., Murty T.S. Numerical Simulation of the Movement of the 1991 Oil Spills in the Arabian Gulf. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 1994, Vol. 74, No. 3-4, pp. 211-234.
  85. Vepsa H., Koponen J., Salo S. Finnish Operation Model Systems for Oil- and Chemical Accidents and Sea Rescue. Aqua Fennica. 1993, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 251-258.
  86. Bartell S.M., Garoner R.H., O'Neill R.V. The Fates of Aromatocs Model (FOAM): Description, Application and Analysis. Ecol. Modelling, 1983/1984, Vol. 22, No. 1-4, pp. 109-121.
  87. Leonov A.V., Sapozhnikov V.V. Biohydrochemical Model of Organogenic Substance Transformations and Its Application for Account of Primary Production in Ecosystem of the Okhotsk Sea. In Complex Ecological Studies of the Okhotsk Sea Ecosystem. Moscow: VNIRO, 1997. pp. 143-166. (In Russian).
  88. Verkhunov A.V. Development of Ideas on the Large-Scale Water Circulation in the Sea of Okhotsk. In Complex Ecological Studies of the Okhotsk Sea Ecosystem. Moscow: VNIRO, 1997. pp. 8-19. (In Russian).
    89.